For the characterizing dialectic, Engels typed: “Fundamental rules: sales off number and you may top quality-shared penetration out of polar opposites and conversion toward both whenever sent to extremes; innovation by way of contradiction, otherwise negation out-of negation; [and] the fresh spiral version of creativity” (Dialektika prirody, 1969, p
Pre-Marxist dialectic for this reason intended a standard is from count, characteristics, area, and notice (found in Greek pure beliefs); a to-be of these organizations when it comes to analytical kinds (Platonism, Hegel); the latest knowledge off best issues and responses and of conflict (Socrates, brand new Stoics); a complaint to become as well as livelinks prices substitute for of the a discrete and you can unknowable mutliplicity (Zeno out-of Elea); the newest philosophy out of logically growing, possible rules, judgments, and you may findings (Aristotle): the brand new medical exhaustion of all the illusions away from peoples need, which inconsistently strives for the a total wholeness and therefore disintegrates toward contradictions (Kant); the latest subjectivist (Fichte), objectivist (Schelling), and you may absolutist (Hegel) thinking of the spirit (Geist), as conveyed about becoming off categories.
Grams. Belinskii, A great. I. Herzen, and N. G. Chernyshevskii reached a materialist dialectic. Compared to Hegel, they derived leading edge findings on suggestions off eternal motion and development: in their eyes dialectic is actually the fresh new “algebra off revolution” (come across A. soch. vol. nine, 1956, p. 23). Bourgeois values after Hegel turned away from the achievements about section of dialectic that had been hit within the philosophy. Hegels dialectic was refuted by a number of philosophers since the “sophistry,” a keen “mistake inside the logic,” and even an effective “unhealthy perversion from notice” (Roentgen. Haym, A good. Trendelenburg, and you will Elizabeth. von Hartmann). On Neo-Kantianism of Marburg University (H. Cohen, P. Natorp) the new dialectic away from “conceptual records” are changed by “logic of the analytical idea of function,” and this triggered an effective negation of your notion of compound and you will so you can “physical idealism.” Neo-Hegelianism come to the newest thus-named negative dialectic, asserting that the contradictions shown for the principles testify into nonreality, or “seemingness,” of their things. The newest unity from opposites are replaced by a good unity of coexisting, supplementary points for the sake of attaining a combination of knowledge (F. Bradley). Dialectic as well as emerged since a mixing off opposites, by using sheer intuition (B. Croce, Roentgen. Kroner, and i also. Good. Ilin). H. Bergson complex a demand towards the irrational and you may strictly instinctive consolidating out of opposites, a combo are addressed while the a good “miracle.” Within the existentialism (K. Jaspers, J. P. Sartre) the latest dialectic are realized relativistically, as an about opportunity structure away from understanding. Character is recognized as the new industries off “positivist cause,” while people is known by means of “dialectical cause,” and that comes the beliefs of individual understanding in addition to personal practical feel away from people. Other existentialists (G. Marcel, M. Buber) cure dialectic theologically, since the a network off concerns and you may answers ranging from awareness being. Details away from an awful dialectic created because a complete denial out of truth and not ultimately causing a different synthesis have been developed by T. Adorno and you can H. Marcuse.
A constantly materialist translation out of dialectic is actually available with K. Marx and you may F. Engels, the fresh founders of your doctrine out-of dialectical materialism. Once vitally going-over the fresh new achievement out-of before dialectic, Marx and Engels applied their doctrine to the reworking of beliefs, governmental economy, and you will background also to the origin from an insurance policy and you will projects with the workers path. V. We. Lenin made an excellent share with the growth of materialist dialectic. The fresh new classics off Marxism-Leninism esteem materialist dialectic since the philosophy of common interconnections and more standard rules out-of development of getting and you will think.
I. Herzen, Sobr
Materialist dialectic was expressed for the a system regarding kinds and you may legislation. 1). Legislation of the unity and you will dispute regarding opposites takes up good unique set one of all legislation of dialectic; Lenin named they this new main key of dialectic.