ten trait value (except in the case of maxillary KT, for which we used raw values) and log10 body length (outlined above). We then tested for phylogenetic signal in the slopes https://www.datingranking.net/tr/singleparentmeet-inceleme/, treating the slope of each regression as its respective species’ trait value. We estimated Pagel’s lambda (Pagel, 1999) and Blomberg’s K (Blomberg et al., 2003) using the package phytools (Revell, 2012) in R, and we tested the hypothesis that the phylogenetic signal was greater than 0. The phylogenetic tree we used, which contained all species in this study, was pruned from Kazancioglu et al. (Kazancioglu et al., 2009), who used a supermatrix approach to propose relationships between 252 labrid species. For all traits, we found the level of phylogenetic signal to be extremely low, and we were unable to reject the null hypothesis that phylogenetic signal equals 0 (supplementary material Table S13). This implies that the ontogenetic trajectories in the traits we analyzed have been under such strong selection, that the trends in slopes do not follow a Brownian motion model of evolution. While we cannot rule out that the lack of phylogenetic signal may be due to limited power, we were unable to detect phylogenetic signal in any of the traits we analyzed. Therefore, all subsequent analyses were performed using traditional parametric statistical methods.
Comparisons anywhere between facultative cleaners and you may low-products
In each case, the dependent variable was the log10 trait value (except in the case of maxillary KT, for which we used raw values), species identity was the independent variable, and log10 body length was used as a covariate. We tested the hypothesis that interactions between the independent variable (species) and the covariates (log10 body length) were significantly different from 0. In every case, we found highly significant interactions, indicating that in each analysis, the species-specific slopes were not homogeneous. As this violates a key assumption of ANCOVA, we refrained from comparing least squares means across species.
To evaluate this new hypothesis one facultative cleansers display more extreme allometry inside the practical faculties compared with non-cleaners, we performed a number of trait-specific a couple of-take to t-screening. For every single feature, i analyzed the fresh equivalence of your own suggest of SMA regression hills into facultative cleaners facing that the fresh new low-cleansers. Here, this new null theory is actually that mean SMA regression slope do not differ among them communities. We used a good Sidak modification to reduce the sort We error possibilities across the several comparisons (Sidak, 1967).
To evaluate the connection ranging from for each and every attribute and the body size across the sets of variety, we first checked to have homogeneity out of hills by building independent general linear activities (GLMs), specific to every attribute
To identify the morphological correlates of cleaning, we made comparisons of trait magnitudes between facultative cleaners and non-cleaners across the range of body lengths. Given the heterogeneity of slopes, we employed the Wilcox procedure (Wilcox, 1987) to determine regions of the x-axis (log10 body length in all cases) in which trait values for non-cleaners were significantly different from those of facultative cleaners. This allowed us to distinguish at what body lengths the differences in trait magnitudes seen between facultative and non-cleaner species were no longer significant, given the error structures of the regressions. We decided to adopt this approach rather than use t-tests to compare regression intercepts because such intercepts represent trait values at a body size of zero, and thus do not constitute trait values that are biologically realistic. The Wilcox procedure is a modification of the Johnson–Neyman method (Johnson and Neyman, 1936) that is adjusted for multiple comparisons. For each trait, we compared the regression line of every non-cleaner species (N=6) with that of each facultative cleaner species (N=5), for a total of 30 comparisons per trait. The Wilcox procedure allowed us to identify the regions where the data in each pairwise comparison begin to overlap, taking into account the spread of data around each regression line. In several cases, regression lines crossed at values of x that represented biologically impossible body lengths for either or both of the species involved. We therefore restricted values of x to those that were covered within our dataset.