Studies Inhabitants
This study was conducted within the Shanghai Preconception Cohort (SPCC; NCT02737644) that aims to investigate the associations between periconceptional maternal key nutrients and neonatal health outcomes, including congenital heart disease (20). Two subcohorts consisting of 938 and 458 subjects were derived for studying the associations of RBC folate with congenital heart diseases and infant atopic dermatitis. These two subcohorts thus formed the source of our study population. We restricted our study sample to pregnancies with folate and vitamin Bseveral measurements examined at recruitment between 9 and 13 gestational weeks and with three glucose measurements under an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), resulting in 1,058 pregnancies included in the final analysis.
Baseline features was received by a standardized care about-claimed questionnaire thru face-to-face interviewers. The newest preconceptional Body mass index are calculated due to care about-declaration prepregnancy pounds and you can top. Puffing visibility was recognized as care about-tobacco user or met with used cigarette during pregnancy. Alcohol consuming is actually recognized as drinking any alcoholic drinks 90 days before otherwise in pregnancy. FAS is defined as a consistent consumption out-of folic acidic tablets otherwise substance dietary supplements following last menstrual period and you will during the pregnancy. This new folic acidic tablet consists of 400 ?g/tablet out-of folic acidic, plus the material nutritional supplements consist of eight hundred ?g/pill otherwise 800 ?g/pill according to brands. Authored told concur was obtained from for every single investigation topic in advance of employment. This research was authorized by the Integrity Committee of one’s Kid’s Medical from Fudan University (Shanghai, China).
Medical diagnosis regarding GDM
Most of the women that are pregnant undergone a 75-grams OGTT through the 24–28 gestational weeks, and analysis out-of Heterosexual dating dating apps GDM was developed whenever the pursuing the standards were satisfied according to guidance of your All over the world Organization of your own All forms of diabetes and Pregnancy Analysis Communities Opinion Committee (4): smooth glucose ?5.step 1 mmol/L, 1-h glucose ?ten.0 mmol/L, or dos-h glucose ?8.5 mmol/L.
The details of blood sample collection and nutritious biomarker measurements were described elsewhere (20). Briefly, the remaining blood samples after routine examinations at the first antenatal visit were collected by trained staff. These samples were temporarily stored in a refrigerator at 4°C for dispensing within 6 h and were transferred to another refrigerator at ?20°C. Serum and whole blood were then transported by trained investigators to the central laboratory for storage in freezers at ?80°C. Given the effect of light on folate measurements, lightproof tubes completely protected from light were used when transported and stored. RBC folate, serum folate, and vitamin Btwelve levels were measured in an ETDA anticoagulated blood sample according to a standard protocol. These biomarkers were measured using electrochemiluminescence assays (ARCHITECT i2000SR Analyzer; Abbott Laboratories) by professional staff. Three standard solutions (quality controls [QC]1, QC2, and QC3) were used as daily QC. The interassay coefficient of variation of QC1–QC3 for serum folate, vitamin B12, and RBC folate was <7.5%, and the intra-assay coefficient of variation was <6.5% for the entire study population.
Mathematical Analysis
Continuous data were summarized as mean (SD) or median (interquartile range), and categorical data were displayed as percentages. An unpaired Student t test was used to test the differences in quantitative variables with a normal distribution. Otherwise, the equivalent nonparametric test was used. Categorical variables were compared with ? 2 tests. RBC folate concentrations >400 ng/mL (906 nmol/L) have been recommended as the optimal cutoff level for preventing NTDs in women of reproductive age (21). Additionally, RBC folate concentrations >600 ng/mL have been chosen as a cutoff for high RBC folate according to the Canadian Health Measures Survey (22). Accordingly, RBC folate concentrations were categorized as <400, 400–600, and ?600 ng/mL in the current study. Vitamin B12 and serum folate were categorized into tertiles because there is no specified cutoff for pregnancy. We used multivariable logistic regression analyses to investigate the associations of RBC folate, serum folate, and vitamin B12 with GDM and treated these biomarkers as continuous and categorical variables, with adjustment for age, preconceptional BMI, family history of diabetes, smoking exposure, and drinking status. To further examine the effects of combinations of folate and vitamin B12 status on the risk of GDM, we used percentiles of RBC folate, serum folate, and vitamin B12 to derive ratios of RBC folate/vitamin B12 and serum folate/vitamin B12. Percentile ratios were categorized into tertiles for the association analyses with the GDM risk. According to previous studies (19), the folate/vitamin B12 ratio was also calculated based on their raw data. Moreover, the restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression model with assumed three knots was used to outline the potential nonlinear relations among continuous RBC folate, vitamin B12, and GDM risk. The association of serum folate at the time of OGTT with GDM based on a subgroup of our study subjects (n = 458) was also conducted. Serum folate change was calculated by the levels in early pregnancy subtracted by the levels in midgestation. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI were reported. Correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship among RBC folate, vitamin B12, fasting serum glucose, and 1-h and 2-h serum glucose. Stata version 16.0 and R package (version 3.6.1) were used for all statistical analyses. A two-tailed P value of 0.05 was defined as statistical significance.