Initial Study
We start our analysis with descriptive analyses and some tentative tests of Hypothesis 1, which predicted that gender equality would be positively correlated with gender differences in value priorities. First, we replicated the cross-sectional association between gender equality and gender differences in personality by correlating GEI with the values. For the individual values, the correlation coefficients (Pearson’s r) are .30 for Achievement (p = .096), .62 for Benevolence (p < .001), .47 for Power (p = .007), .47 for Universalism (p = .007), and .15 for Stimulation (p = .480). To obtain a broader measure of personality differences, we also calculated an index that captures the average gender difference across all five values. The correlation between this index and GEI was .55 (p < .001). Together these findings mimic previous cross-sectional studies. For example, Falk and Hermle (2018) report a correlation of .56 between gender equality and a summary index of gender differences in preferences. Our tentative analysis renders initial partial support for Hypothesis 1.
Looking at Theory 2, hence hypothesized that gender differences in every four worthy of concerns create gather through the years round the regions, Fig. step one reveals the average get across-nation difference in philosophy anywhere between individuals between so you’re able to getting new 17 readily available places. We average the differences the past several cycles and subtract an average in the first two series regarding ESS to attenuate year-to-12 months activity. Negative score mean a convergence during the philosophy between visitors and you may confident philosophy imply a great divergence. New trend is pretty uniform around the countries on tendency toward a whole lot more convergence towards all of the five values. Switzerland are deviating throughout the development because every viewpoints clue during the hook tendency on the divergence. There are also deviations in the convergence development with the certain beliefs in different nations while the chief pattern leans into overlap.
Average change in intercourse variations in philosophy out of to for 17 Europe. The quantity graphed indicates the change within the sheer gender difference in and you may . Negative amounts indicate that the difference during the viewpoints was indeed coming down (converging) to have a particular worthy of within the a certain nation whereas confident number mean a rise in gender variation (divergence)
A rough technique for illustrating which development is by pooling every samples (countries) and you will evaluating the standard differences (Cohen’s d) between anyone in the 1st a couple waves away from ESS (2002–2004) on history a few surf from ESS (2014–2016). Table dos suggests that Cohen’s d minimizes for everybody beliefs with an average reduction of 15%. So it simple description of your own data is in line with Hypothesis 2, and this says you to men’s and you may women’s well worth goals gather throughout the years.
Longitudinal Patterns
Turning to the longitudinal models https://datingranking.net/cs/friendfinder-x-recenze/, we first ran repeated measurement models with only time (see Table 3). Negative time coefficients mean that the difference between men and women is decreasing over time (i.e., converging) because the coefficients correspond to the average change in value differences between men and women across time points. Looking at specific values, Benevolence, Power, and Achievement are converging over time, whereas Universalism and Stimulation display no significant change over time. The effects are not substantial but they clearly refute the idea of a divergence in these values because men and women are becoming more alike over time. Hypothesis 2, predicting a gender convergence in values, is thus partly confirmed. Moreover, there is significant variation in intercept across countries (b = .15–.23, p < .001), but little or no variation in slope (Power: p = .040, all other ps > .22. In other words, the rate of change in value differences does not vary across countries. There is generally no covariance between intercept and slope, which indicates that the change in gender differences in values is not related to the size of the gender difference.